Clinical Review: Advances in Spinal Surgery

Drs. Howard L. Rosner, Christopher J. Zarembinski, and Avrom Gart

Identify components of disc pain and anatomic generators of spinal pain; Select diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic procedures for lumbar disc pain; Recognize indications for spinal cord stimulation; Explain how functional anesthetic discography differs from provocative discography; and Incorporate new approaches for disc repair focusing on the center of the disc, including potential growth factors and gene therapies.