Merkel cell carcinoma is a rare, fast-growing cancer that usually appears as a flesh-colored or bluish-red nodule on your skin, often on your face, head or neck. Merkel cell carcinoma tends to spread quickly (metastasize) to other parts of your body. Like other types of skin cancers, the incidence of Merkel cell carcinoma is increasing worldwide.
Merkel cell carcinoma, also called neuroendocrine carcinoma of the skin, most often develops in older people. Long-term sun exposure or having a weak immune system may increase your risk of developing Merkel cell carcinoma.
The type of treatment you'll undergo depends on whether the cancer has spread beyond your skin by the time it's diagnosed.
The first sign of Merkel cell carcinoma is a fast-growing, painless nodule (tumor) on your skin. The shiny nodule may be skin colored or may appear in shades of red, blue or purple. Nearly half of Merkel cell carcinomas appear on the face, head or neck, but they can develop anywhere on your body, even on areas not exposed to sunlight.
If the skin cancer has spread to other parts of your body, you may experience swollen lymph nodes, pain or fatigue.
Merkel cell carcinoma is named after Merkel cells, which are found at the base of the outermost layer of your skin (epidermis). Merkel cells may be associated with the sense of touch.
It's not certain what causes Merkel cell carcinoma to develop. One theory is that Merkel cell carcinoma may arise from the Merkel cell. Or it may be that certain immature cells (skin stem cells) become cancerous and develop features that make them look like Merkel cells.
Researchers have detected a number of genetic abnormalities in Merkel cell carcinoma cells. However, it's not known how these genetic changes affect cancer development.
While there's no definite cause of Merkel cell carcinoma, a number of factors may increase your risk of developing this cancer:
If you notice a mole, freckle or bump that is changing in size, shape or color, growing rapidly or bleeding easily after minor trauma, such as washing your skin or shaving, talk to your doctor. Most skin lesions never become cancer, but if you see any changes, it's important to get checked out.
Diagnosis of Merkel cell carcinoma involves the following:
Determining the extent
Your doctor may use the following tests to help determine whether the cancer has spread beyond your skin:
Unfortunately, Merkel cell carcinoma is an aggressive cancer and complications are not uncommon:
The type of treatment you'll receive depends on whether the cancer has spread beyond your skin by the time it's diagnosed. You might have just one type of treatment or a combination of treatments:
Surgery. During surgery, your doctor removes the tumor along with a border of normal skin surrounding the tumor. Removing a thin border of normal skin helps catch any remaining cancer cells. If there is evidence that the cancer has spread to lymph nodes in the area of the skin tumor, those lymph nodes are removed (lymph node dissection).
Occasionally, your doctor may use a procedure called Mohs' micrographic surgery. After removing the visible tumor, your doctor creates "slices" of the tumor tissue and examines each slice under a microscope. The process is repeated until cancer cells are no longer visible in the tissue slice. This type of surgery takes out as little normal tissue as possible — thereby reducing scarring — and is often used to remove skin cancer from the face.
Radiation therapy. Radiation therapy involves directing high-energy X-rays at cancer cells. Radiation damages the genetic material in growing cells. Cancer cells are particularly susceptible to the effects of radiation because they divide more rapidly than normal cells do.
In cases of Merkel cell carcinoma, radiation therapy is usually given to kill any cancer cells that remain after the tumor is removed. It may also be used to shrink Merkel cell carcinoma before it's removed or as the sole treatment in people who choose not to undergo surgery.
General side effects from radiation therapy include red, irritated skin, hair loss and fatigue. If you receive radiation therapy to your head or neck, you may notice that you have a dry mouth, difficulty swallowing and other symptoms.
Chemotherapy. Chemotherapy uses drugs to kill the cancer cells or stop them from dividing. Depending on the type of drug, chemotherapy may be injected, swallowed or applied to your skin.
Chemotherapy is generally used when Merkel cell carcinoma has spread to other organs in your body or when it has recurred. However, whether chemotherapy improves the survival rate in people with Merkel cell carcinoma is unclear.
Chemotherapy often causes significant side effects, most of which are temporary. Common side effects include nausea, vomiting and diarrhea; hair loss; fatigue; and an increased risk of infection. Rarely, permanent damage to your body organs may occur.
During the course of treatment, you'll undergo physical exams, including blood tests, to monitor how you're responding to radiation therapy or chemotherapy. Afterward, you'll continue having frequent checkups with your doctor to watch for recurrences.
The outlook after treatment for Merkel cell carcinoma varies, depending on a number of factors. These include the stage of the tumor at diagnosis, your age, the tumor size and location, and whether you have other health conditions. Generally, otherwise healthy people with small tumors and no evidence of cancer spreading beyond the skin tend to have the best prognoses.
Merkel cell carcinoma can't be prevented. However, you may be able to reduce your risk of this cancer and other skin cancers by limiting your exposure to sunlight.
While sunlight isn't proved to cause Merkel cell carcinoma, it's a risk factor for this cancer, other skin cancers and premature aging. Here are a few ideas for maintaining healthy skin:
September 14, 2006